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Edit File: Security of user switching support.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 8.6.7"> <title>Security of user switching support in Passenger</title> <style type="text/css"> /* Shared CSS for AsciiDoc xhtml11 and html5 backends */ /* Default font. */ body { font-family: Georgia,serif; } /* Title font. */ h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, div.title, caption.title, thead, p.table.header, #toctitle, #author, #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark, #footer { font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; } body { margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%; } a { color: blue; text-decoration: underline; } a:visited { color: fuchsia; } em { font-style: italic; color: navy; } strong { font-weight: bold; color: #083194; } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { color: #527bbd; margin-top: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; line-height: 1.3; } h1, h2, h3 { border-bottom: 2px solid silver; } h2 { padding-top: 0.5em; } h3 { float: left; } h3 + * { clear: left; } h5 { font-size: 1.0em; } div.sectionbody { margin-left: 0; } hr { border: 1px solid silver; } p { margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } ul, ol, li > p { margin-top: 0; } ul > li { color: #aaa; } ul > li > * { color: black; } pre { padding: 0; margin: 0; overflow: auto; } #author { color: #527bbd; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; } #email { } #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark { } #footer { font-size: small; border-top: 2px solid silver; padding-top: 0.5em; margin-top: 4.0em; } #footer-text { float: left; padding-bottom: 0.5em; } #footer-badges { float: right; padding-bottom: 0.5em; } #preamble { margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; } div.imageblock, div.exampleblock, div.verseblock, div.quoteblock, div.literalblock, div.listingblock, div.sidebarblock, div.admonitionblock { margin-top: 1.0em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; } div.admonitionblock { margin-top: 2.0em; margin-bottom: 2.0em; margin-right: 10%; color: #606060; } div.content { /* Block element content. */ padding: 0; } /* Block element titles. */ div.title, caption.title { color: #527bbd; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; margin-top: 1.0em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } div.title + * { margin-top: 0; } td div.title:first-child { margin-top: 0.0em; } div.content div.title:first-child { margin-top: 0.0em; } div.content + div.title { margin-top: 0.0em; } div.sidebarblock > div.content { background: #ffffee; border: 1px solid #dddddd; border-left: 4px solid #f0f0f0; padding: 0.5em; } div.listingblock > div.content { border: 1px solid #dddddd; border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0; background: #f8f8f8; padding: 0.5em; } div.quoteblock, div.verseblock { padding-left: 1.0em; margin-left: 1.0em; margin-right: 10%; border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0; color: #777777; } div.quoteblock > div.attribution { padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: right; } div.verseblock > pre.content { font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; } div.verseblock > div.attribution { padding-top: 0.75em; text-align: left; } /* DEPRECATED: Pre version 8.2.7 verse style literal block. */ div.verseblock + div.attribution { text-align: left; 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That will break the hover layout. --> <img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAsAAAAKCAYAAAEV95QVAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAZiS0dEAP8A/wD/oL2nkwAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAAAd0SU1FB9sGCRMSACDxkZwAAAAidEVYdENvbW1lbnQAQ3JlYXRlZCB3aXRoIEdJTVAgb24gYSBNYWOHqHdDAAAAZUlEQVQY032PSxbAIAjEIlfygL6ePF3UUvpzNjgSYWwqAMEhUQnANnsC7TQPeJpsVWzMuh2sog4vDTUbqP081zECrW4dtdaQGSIKlWluPyjK+VXxAz5XfcKufCzA130AfQHWB30HZxlPaP080xsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" width="11" height="10" alt=""><a href="javascript:void(Mizuho.smoothlyScrollToToc())">Security of user switching support in Passenger</a> </div> <a href="javascript:void(0)" id="current_section"></a> </div> <div id="header"> <h1>Security of user switching support in Passenger</h1> <div id="toc"> <div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div> <div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_problem_description">1. Problem description</a></div> <div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_analysis_of_possible_solutions">2. Analysis of possible solutions</a></div> <div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#apache_root">2.1. Apache must already be running as root</a></div> <div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_using_apache_8217_s_suexec">2.2. Using Apache’s suEXEC</a></div> <div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_using_a_setuid_root_wrapper_application">2.3. Using a setuid root wrapper application</a></div> <div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#setuid_root">2.4. Using a setuid $X wrapper application</a></div> <div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_using_em_su_em">2.5. Using su</a></div> <div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_using_em_sudo_em">2.6. Using sudo</a></div> <div class="foo toclevel3"><a href="#_common_security_issues">2.7. Common security issues</a></div> <div class="foo toclevel2"><a href="#_chosen_solution">3. Chosen solution</a></div> </div> </div> <div id="content"> <div class="sect1"> <span class="anchor_helper" id="_problem_description"></span><h2 data-anchor="_problem_description">1. Problem description</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="admonitionblock"> <table><tr> <td class="icon"> <img src="./images/icons/tip.png" alt="Tip"> </td> <td class="content">It is strongly recommended that you first read our <a href="Architectural%20overview.html">Architectural Overview</a>.</td> </tr></table> </div> <div class="paragraph"><p>A straightforward implementation of Passenger will spawn Rails applications in the same user context as Apache itself. On server machines which host multiple websites for multiple users, this may not be desired. All Rails applications spawned by Passenger will be able to read and write to all directories that the web server can. So for example, Joe’s Rails applications could read Jane’s Rails application’s <em>database.yml</em> or delete her application files. This is also a problem that typically plagues PHP web hosts.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>There are multiple ways to solve this problem. The goal of this document is to inform the reader about the solutions have we have analyzed, so that Passenger’s security may be peer reviewed.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <span class="anchor_helper" id="_analysis_of_possible_solutions"></span><h2 data-anchor="_analysis_of_possible_solutions">2. Analysis of possible solutions</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"><p>It seems that the only way to solve this problem on Unix, is to run each Rails application server as its owner’s user and group. Passenger can make use of one of the following methods to implement this:</p></div> <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic"> <li> <p> Apache (and thus Passenger) must already be running as root. </p> </li> <li> <p> Using Apache’s suEXEC. </p> </li> <li> <p> A setuid root wrapper application must exist, to allow non-root processes to obtain root privileges (or at least, the privilege to switch user). </p> </li> <li> <p> For each user $X that Passenger will need to switch to, there must exist a setuid $X wrapper application. </p> </li> <li> <p> Using <em>su</em>. </p> </li> <li> <p> Using <em>sudo</em>. </p> </li> </ol></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>Let us take a look at each method in detail.</p></div> <div class="sect2"> <span class="anchor_helper" id="apache_root"></span><h3 data-anchor="apache_root">2.1. Apache must already be running as root</h3> <div class="paragraph"><p>First, let us take a look at the typical Apache setup, in which Apache is bound to port 80, and uses the prefork MPM. Binding to any port lower than 1024 requires root privileges, so Apache is typically run as root. This poses an unacceptable security risk, so Apache’s prefork MPM will, upon receiving an HTTP request, spawn a child process with the privileges of a normal user, typically <em>www-data</em> or <em>nobody</em>. See <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/prefork.html">the documentation for the prefork MPM</a> - in particular the “User” and “Group” directives - for details. The process which is responsible for spawning child processes (also called the control process) is run as root. This is also true for <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/worker.html">the worker MPM</a>.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>Since Passenger has access to the control process, in the typical Apache setup, Passenger can already launch Rails applications as a different user. But now we have to ask this question:</p></div> <div class="exampleblock"> <div class="content"> <div class="paragraph"><p>If Apache is not running as root, are there still any Passenger users who want to run Rails applications as different users?</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"><p>If the answer is yes, then we cannot use this method.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>The advantage of this method is that setting up Apache to run as root is incredibly easy, and requires no new framework to be written. However, testing this method in automated unit tests will require running the unit test suit as root.</p></div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <span class="anchor_helper" id="_using_apache_8217_s_suexec"></span><h3 data-anchor="_using_apache_8217_s_suexec">2.2. Using Apache’s suEXEC</h3> <div class="paragraph"><p>Apache’s <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/suexec.html">suEXEC</a> allows one to run CGI processes as different users. But it seems that suEXEC can only be used for CGI, and is not a general-purpose mechanism. The <a href="http://alain.knaff.lu/howto/PhpSuexec/">PHP-suEXEC</a> software allows one to run PHP applications via suEXEC, but it requires patching suEXEC. If Passenger is to use suEXEC, then it is likely that we’ll have to patch suEXEC. The suEXEC website strongly discourages patching.</p></div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <span class="anchor_helper" id="_using_a_setuid_root_wrapper_application"></span><h3 data-anchor="_using_a_setuid_root_wrapper_application">2.3. Using a setuid root wrapper application</h3> <div class="paragraph"><p>If we use this method, we must be extremely careful. It must not be possible for arbitrary processes to gain root privileges. We want Passenger, and only Passenger, to be able to gain root privileges.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>There are multiple ways to implement this security. The first one is to use a password file, which only Apache and the wrapper can read, through the use of proper file permissions. The password file must never be world readable or writable.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>It works as follows:</p></div> <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic"> <li> <p> Passenger runs the wrapper. </p> </li> <li> <p> Passenger passes the content of the password file to the wrapper, via an anonymous pipe (or some other anonymous channel, that no other processes can access). </p> </li> <li> <p> The wrapper checks whether the passed content is the same as what is in the password file. If it is, then it is proven that whatever application ran the wrapper has read access to the password file, and thus is authorized to use the wrapper. </p> </li> </ol></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>An obvious problem that arises is: how does the wrapper locate its own password file? We obviously do not want to be able to specify the password filename as an argument to the wrapper: that would defeat the point of the password file. The solution is that the filename is to be hardcoded into the binary during compile time.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>Another way to implement security is to use a whitelist of users that are allowed to use the wrapper. The wrapper can then check whether the calling process’s user is in the whitelist.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>Writing a wrapper is not too hard. Furthermore, unit tests do not have to be run as root, in contrast to the run-Apache-as-root method.</p></div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <span class="anchor_helper" id="setuid_root"></span><h3 data-anchor="setuid_root">2.4. Using a setuid $X wrapper application</h3> <div class="paragraph"><p>A setuid $X wrapper will work in a fashion similar to the setuid root wrapper, i.e. it will use a password file for authorization.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>Passenger does not spawn Rails applications itself, but does so via the spawn server. This spawn server is also responsible for preloading the Rails framework and the Rails application code, in order to speed up the spawning of Rails applications. See the design document of the spawn server for details. The spawn server never calls <span class="monospaced">exec()</span>: doing so will make preloading useless. If Passenger is to use a setuid $X wrapper, then it must start the spawn server via the wrapper. The spawn server itself cannot use the wrapper.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>However, doing so will make preloading less efficient. Passenger will be forced to run a spawn server for each user. The different spawn servers do not share memory with each other, so a lot of memory is wasted compared to the other methods.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>Implementing this will also take more work. One has to create a different wrapper for each user, and to install it.</p></div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <span class="anchor_helper" id="_using_em_su_em"></span><h3 data-anchor="_using_em_su_em">2.5. Using <em>su</em> </h3> <div class="paragraph"><p>The standard Unix <em>su</em> tool asks for the root password. It’s a bad idea for Apache to know the root password, so using <em>su</em> is not a viable alternative.</p></div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <span class="anchor_helper" id="_using_em_sudo_em"></span><h3 data-anchor="_using_em_sudo_em">2.6. Using <em>sudo</em> </h3> <div class="paragraph"><p>It might be possible to use the <em>sudo</em> utility. sudo can be configured in such a way that the user Apache runs as can use sudo without having to enter a password.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>However, Passenger uses an anonymous communication channel (an unnamed Unix socket) to communicate with the spawn server. sudo seems to close all file descriptors before executing an application, so Passenger will have to communicate with the spawn server via a non-anonymous channel, such as a named Unix socket. Because other processes can access this channel, it can introduce potential security problems. Note that passing information via program arguments is not secure: it is possible to view that information with tools like <em>ps</em>, or (on Linux) by reading the file <span class="monospaced">/proc/$PID/cmdline</span>.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>So it seems <em>sudo</em> is not a viable alternative.</p></div> </div> <div class="sect2"> <span class="anchor_helper" id="_common_security_issues"></span><h3 data-anchor="_common_security_issues">2.7. Common security issues</h3> <div class="paragraph"><p>Whatever method Passenger will use, the following security principles must be honored:</p></div> <div class="ulist"><ul> <li> <p> Rails applications must never be run as root. </p> </li> </ul></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>It might also be worthy to look into suEXEC’s security model for inspiration.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>Also, the following questions remain:</p></div> <div class="ulist"><ul> <li> <p> Is there a need for a user whitelist/blacklist? That is, is there a need for the ability to restrict the set of users that Passenger can switch to? </p> </li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <span class="anchor_helper" id="_chosen_solution"></span><h2 data-anchor="_chosen_solution">3. Chosen solution</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"><p>Running Apache as root and writing a setuid root wrapper are the main contestants. The former is preferred, because it’s easier to implement.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>We have had some conversations with people on the IRC channel #rubyonrails. Among those people, nobody has ever run Apache as non-root. Because of this we have chosen to implement the <a href="#apache_root">Running Apache as root</a> solution, until a significant number of users request us to implement the <a href="#setuid_root">setuid root wrapper</a> solution.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>Please read <a href="rdoc/index.html">the Ruby API documentation</a> — in particular that of the <em>ApplicationSpawner</em> class — for implementation details. But to make a long story short: it will switch to the owner of the file <em>config/environment.rb</em>. User whitelisting/blacklisting is currently not implemented. We rely on the system administrator to set the correct owner on that file.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>We have also not implemented suEXEC’s security model. suEXEC’s model is quite paranoid, and although paranoia is good to a certain extend, it can be in the way of usability while proving little extra security. We are not entirely convinced that implementing suEXEC’s full security model will provide significant benefits, but if you have good reasons to think otherwise, please feel free to discuss it with us.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footnotes"><hr></div> <div id="footer"> </div> <script>/*! jQuery v1.7.1 jquery.com | jquery.org/license */ (function(a,b){function cy(a){return f.isWindow(a)?a:a.nodeType===9?a.defaultView||a.parentWindow:!1}function cv(a){if(!ck[a]){var b=c.body,d=f("<"+a+">").appendTo(b),e=d.css("display");d.remove();if(e==="none"||e===""){cl||(cl=c.createElement("iframe"),cl.frameBorder=cl.width=cl.height=0),b.appendChild(cl);if(!cm||!cl.createElement)cm=(cl.contentWindow||cl.contentDocument).document,cm.write((c.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"?"<!doctype html>":"")+"<html><body>"),cm.close();d=cm.createElement(a),cm.body.appendChild(d),e=f.css(d,"display"),b.removeChild(cl)}ck[a]=e}return ck[a]}function cu(a,b){var 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c,d=b.offsetParent,e=b,g=b.ownerDocument,h=g.documentElement,i=g.body,j=g.defaultView,k=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l=b.offsetTop,m=b.offsetLeft;while((b=b.parentNode)&&b!==i&&b!==h){if(f.support.fixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed")break;c=j?j.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle,l-=b.scrollTop,m-=b.scrollLeft,b===d&&(l+=b.offsetTop,m+=b.offsetLeft,f.support.doesNotAddBorder&&(!f.support.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells||!cw.test(b.nodeName))&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),e=d,d=b.offsetParent),f.support.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible&&c.overflow!=="visible"&&(l+=parseFloat(c.borderTopWidth)||0,m+=parseFloat(c.borderLeftWidth)||0),k=c}if(k.position==="relative"||k.position==="static")l+=i.offsetTop,m+=i.offsetLeft;f.support.fixedPosition&&k.position==="fixed"&&(l+=Math.max(h.scrollTop,i.scrollTop),m+=Math.max(h.scrollLeft,i.scrollLeft));return{top:l,left:m}},f.offset={bodyOffset:function(a){var b=a.offsetTop,c=a.offsetLeft;f.support.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset&&(b+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c+=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0);return{top:b,left:c}},setOffset:function(a,b,c){var d=f.css(a,"position");d==="static"&&(a.style.position="relative");var e=f(a),g=e.offset(),h=f.css(a,"top"),i=f.css(a,"left"),j=(d==="absolute"||d==="fixed")&&f.inArray("auto",[h,i])>-1,k={},l={},m,n;j?(l=e.position(),m=l.top,n=l.left):(m=parseFloat(h)||0,n=parseFloat(i)||0),f.isFunction(b)&&(b=b.call(a,c,g)),b.top!=null&&(k.top=b.top-g.top+m),b.left!=null&&(k.left=b.left-g.left+n),"using"in b?b.using.call(a,k):e.css(k)}},f.fn.extend({position:function(){if(!this[0])return null;var a=this[0],b=this.offsetParent(),c=this.offset(),d=cx.test(b[0].nodeName)?{top:0,left:0}:b.offset();c.top-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginTop"))||0,c.left-=parseFloat(f.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0,d.top+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderTopWidth"))||0,d.left+=parseFloat(f.css(b[0],"borderLeftWidth"))||0;return{top:c.top-d.top,left:c.left-d.left}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){var a=this.offsetParent||c.body;while(a&&!cx.test(a.nodeName)&&f.css(a,"position")==="static")a=a.offsetParent;return a})}}),f.each(["Left","Top"],function(a,c){var d="scroll"+c;f.fn[d]=function(c){var e,g;if(c===b){e=this[0];if(!e)return null;g=cy(e);return g?"pageXOffset"in g?g[a?"pageYOffset":"pageXOffset"]:f.support.boxModel&&g.document.documentElement[d]||g.document.body[d]:e[d]}return this.each(function(){g=cy(this),g?g.scrollTo(a?f(g).scrollLeft():c,a?c:f(g).scrollTop()):this[d]=c})}}),f.each(["Height","Width"],function(a,c){var d=c.toLowerCase();f.fn["inner"+c]=function(){var a=this[0];return a?a.style?parseFloat(f.css(a,d,"padding")):this[d]():null},f.fn["outer"+c]=function(a){var b=this[0];return b?b.style?parseFloat(f.css(b,d,a?"margin":"border")):this[d]():null},f.fn[d]=function(a){var e=this[0];if(!e)return a==null?null:this;if(f.isFunction(a))return this.each(function(b){var c=f(this);c[d](a.call(this,b,c[d]()))});if(f.isWindow(e)){var g=e.document.documentElement["client"+c],h=e.document.body;return e.document.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"&&g||h&&h["client"+c]||g}if(e.nodeType===9)return Math.max(e.documentElement["client"+c],e.body["scroll"+c],e.documentElement["scroll"+c],e.body["offset"+c],e.documentElement["offset"+c]);if(a===b){var i=f.css(e,d),j=parseFloat(i);return f.isNumeric(j)?j:i}return this.css(d,typeof a=="string"?a:a+"px")}}),a.jQuery=a.$=f,typeof define=="function"&&define.amd&&define.amd.jQuery&&define("jquery",[],function(){return f})})(window); /** * jQuery hashchange 1.0.0 * * (based on jquery.history) * * Copyright (c) 2008 Chris Leishman (chrisleishman.com) * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt) * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses. */ (function($) { $.fn.extend({ hashchange: function(callback) { this.bind('hashchange', callback) }, openOnClick: function(href) { if (href === undefined || href.length == 0) href = '#'; return this.click(function(ev) { if (href && href.charAt(0) == '#') { // execute load in separate call stack window.setTimeout(function() { $.locationHash(href) }, 0); } else { window.location(href); } ev.stopPropagation(); return false; }); } }); // IE 8 introduces the hashchange event natively - so nothing more to do if ($.browser.msie && document.documentMode && document.documentMode >= 8) { $.extend({ locationHash: function(hash) { if (!hash) hash = '#'; else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash; location.hash = hash; } }); return; } var curHash; // hidden iframe for IE (earlier than 8) var iframe; $.extend({ locationHash: function(hash) { if (curHash === undefined) return; if (!hash) hash = '#'; else if (hash.charAt(0) != '#') hash = '#' + hash; location.hash = hash; if (curHash == hash) return; curHash = hash; if ($.browser.msie) updateIEFrame(hash); $.event.trigger('hashchange'); } }); $(document).ready(function() { curHash = location.hash; if ($.browser.msie) { // stop the callback firing twice during init if no hash present if (curHash == '') curHash = '#'; // add hidden iframe for IE iframe = $('<iframe />').hide().get(0); $('body').prepend(iframe); updateIEFrame(location.hash); setInterval(checkHashIE, 100); } else { setInterval(checkHash, 100); } }); $(window).unload(function() { iframe = null }); function checkHash() { var hash = location.hash; if (hash != curHash) { curHash = hash; $.event.trigger('hashchange'); } } if ($.browser.msie) { // Attach a live handler for any anchor links $('a[href^=#]').live('click', function() { var hash = $(this).attr('href'); // Don't intercept the click if there is an existing anchor on the page // that matches this hash if ($(hash).length == 0 && $('a[name='+hash.slice(1)+']').length == 0) { $.locationHash(hash); return false; } }); } function checkHashIE() { // On IE, check for location.hash of iframe var idoc = iframe.contentDocument || iframe.contentWindow.document; var hash = idoc.location.hash; if (hash == '') hash = '#'; if (hash != curHash) { if (location.hash != hash) location.hash = hash; curHash = hash; $.event.trigger('hashchange'); } } function updateIEFrame(hash) { if (hash == '#') hash = ''; var idoc = iframe.contentWindow.document; idoc.open(); idoc.close(); if (idoc.location.hash != hash) idoc.location.hash = hash; } })(jQuery); // IE... if (!Date.now) { Date.now = function() { return new Date().getTime(); } } var Mizuho = { /** Cached DOM elements so that we don't have to re-find them over and over. */ $document: undefined, $window: undefined, $mainSections: undefined, $sectionHeaders: undefined, /** Constants */ MAX_TOC_LEVEL: 3, sectionHeadersSelector: undefined, scrollMemory: {}, changingHash: false, activeHash: undefined, /** Whether in single-page or multi-page mode. Either 'single' or 'multi'. */ mode: 'single', /** Whether smooth scrolling is enabled. It is always enabled except right * after page load: when the page is scrolled to the section as pointed to * by location.hash. */ smoothScrolling: true, initialize: function() { this.sectionHeadersSelector = ''; for (var i = 0; i < this.MAX_TOC_LEVEL; i++) { if (i != 0) { this.sectionHeadersSelector += ', '; } this.sectionHeadersSelector += 'h' + (i + 2); } this.$document = $(document); this.$window = $(window); this.$mainSections = $('.sect1'); this.$sectionHeaders = $(this.sectionHeadersSelector, '#content'); this.$sectionHeaders.sort(function(a, b) { var off_a = $(a).offset(); var off_b = $(b).offset(); return off_a.top - off_b.top; }); if (this.isMobileDevice()) { $(document.body).addClass('mobile'); } }, /********* Generic utility functions *********/ isMobileDevice: function() { return navigator.userAgent.match( /(IEMobile|Windows CE|NetFront|PlayStation|PLAYSTATION|like Mac OS X|MIDP|UP\.Browser|Symbian|Nintendo|Android)/ ); }, virtualAnimate: function(options) { var options = $.extend({ duration: 1000 }, options || {}); var animation_start = Date.now(); var animation_end = Date.now() + options.duration; var interval = animation_end - animation_start; this._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options); }, _virtualAnimate_step: function(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options) { var self = this; var now = new Date(); var progress = (now - animation_start) / interval; if (progress > 1) { progress = 1; } progress = (1 + Math.sin(-Math.PI / 2 + progress * Math.PI)) / 2; options.step(progress); if (now < animation_end) { setTimeout(function() { self._virtualAnimate_step(animation_start, animation_end, interval, options); }, 15); } else { options.step(1); if (options.finish) { options.finish(); } } }, smoothlyScrollTo: function(top) { if (!this.smoothScrolling) { return this.setScrollTop(top); } var self = this; var $document = this.$document; var current = $document.scrollTop(); this.virtualAnimate({ duration: 300, step: function(x) { $document.scrollTop(Math.floor( top + (1 - x) * (current - top) )); }, finish: function() { self.setScrollTop(top); } }); }, smoothlyScrollToToc: function() { this.smoothlyScrollTo($('#toc').position().top); }, scrollToHeader: function(header) { this.smoothlyScrollTo($(header).offset().top - 50); }, setScrollTop: function(top, element) { // Browsers don't always scroll properly so work around // this with a few timers. var self = this; element = element || this.$document; element = $(element); element.scrollTop(top); setTimeout(function() { element.scrollTop(top); }, 1); setTimeout(function() { element.scrollTop(top); self.$document.trigger('mizuho:updateTopBar'); }, 20); }, /********* Mizuho-specific functions *********/ /** Returns the currently displayed section's header DOM element. */ currentSubsection: function() { var $sectionHeaders = this.$sectionHeaders; var scrollTop = this.$document.scrollTop(); var windowHeight = this.$window.height(); var offset; var low = 0; var high = this.$sectionHeaders.length - 1; var mid = 0; while (low <= high) { mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2); offset = $($sectionHeaders[mid]).offset(); if (offset.top >= scrollTop) { high = mid - 1; } else { low = mid + 1; } } var $found = $($sectionHeaders[low]); if ($found.offset().top > scrollTop + windowHeight) { if (low > 0) { return $sectionHeaders[low - 1]; } else { return undefined; } } else { return $sectionHeaders[low]; } }, /** Looks up a section's header DOM element corresponding to a hash name. */ lookupHeader: function(hash) { var id = hash.replace(/^#!\//, '#'); if (id == '') { return undefined; } else { var header = $(id); if (header.length == 0) { return undefined; } else { return header; } } } }; for (var key in Mizuho) { if (typeof(Mizuho[key]) == 'function') { Mizuho[key] = $.proxy(Mizuho[key], Mizuho); } } $(document).ready(Mizuho.initialize); //$(document).ready(Mizuho.installHashbangLinks); Mizuho.initializeTopBar = $.proxy(function() { var $window = this.$window; var $document = this.$document; var self = this; var $topbar = $('#topbar'); var $title = $('#header h1'); var $currentSection = $('#current_section'); var isMobileDevice = this.isMobileDevice(); var timerId; // Create the floating table of contents used in the top bar. var $floattoc = $('<div id="floattoc"></div>').html($('#toc').html()); $floattoc.find('#toctitle').remove(); $floattoc.find('.comments').remove(); $floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden'); $floattoc.insertAfter($topbar); var $floattoclinks = $floattoc.find('a'); $floattoclinks.each(function() { // Firefox changes '#!' to '#%21' so change that back. var $this = $(this); var href = $this.attr('href'); if (href.match(/^#%21/)) { $this.attr('href', href.replace(/^#%21/, '#!')); } }); $floattoclinks.click(function(event) { self.internalLinkClicked(this, event); }); // Callback for when the user clicks on the Table of Contents // button on the top bar. function showFloatingToc() { var scrollUpdateTimerId; function reposition() { if (isMobileDevice) { $floattoc.css({ top: $currentSection.offset().top + $currentSection.innerHeight() + 'px', height: $window.height() * 0.7 + 'px' }); } } function highlightCurrentTocEntry() { var currentSubsection = self.currentSubsection(); $floattoclinks.removeClass('current'); if (currentSubsection) { var currentSubsectionTitle = $(currentSubsection).text(); var $link; $floattoclinks.each(function() { if ($(this).text() == currentSubsectionTitle) { $link = $(this); return false; } }); if ($link) { $link.addClass('current'); self.setScrollTop( $floattoc.scrollTop() + $link.position().top - $floattoc.height() * 0.45, $floattoc); return false; } } } function hideFloatingToc() { $currentSection.removeClass('pressed'); $floattoc.css('visibility', 'hidden'); $floattoclinks.unbind('click', hideFloatingToc); $document.unbind('mousedown', onMouseDown); $document.unbind('touchdown', onMouseDown); $document.unbind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc); $window.unbind('scroll', onScroll); if (scrollUpdateTimerId !== undefined) { clearTimeout(scrollUpdateTimerId); scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined; } } function onMouseDown(event) { if (event.target != $floattoc[0] && $(event.target).closest('#floattoc').length == 0) { hideFloatingToc(); } } function onScroll(event) { if (scrollUpdateTimerId === undefined) { scrollUpdateTimerId = setTimeout(function() { scrollUpdateTimerId = undefined; reposition(); highlightCurrentTocEntry(); }, 100); } } // Layout and display floating TOC. highlightCurrentTocEntry(); var origScrollTop = $document.scrollTop(); var windowWidth = $window.width(); var maxRight = windowWidth - Math.floor(windowWidth * 0.1); if ($currentSection.offset().left + $floattoc.outerWidth() > maxRight) { $floattoc.css('left', maxRight - $floattoc.outerWidth()); } else { $floattoc.css('left', $currentSection.offset().left + 'px'); } reposition(); $floattoc.css('visibility', 'visible'); $currentSection.addClass('pressed'); $floattoclinks.bind('click', hideFloatingToc); $document.bind('mousedown', onMouseDown) $document.bind('touchdown', onMouseDown); $document.bind('mizuho:hideTopBar', hideFloatingToc); $window.bind('scroll', onScroll); } // Called whenever the user scrolls. Updates the title of the // Table of Contents button in the top bar to the section that // the user is currently reading. function update() { if ($title.offset().top + $title.height() < $document.scrollTop()) { if (!$topbar.is(':visible')) { $topbar.slideDown(250); $document.trigger('mizuho:showTopBar'); } } else { if ($topbar.is(':visible')) { $topbar.slideUp(); $document.trigger('mizuho:hideTopBar'); } } if (isMobileDevice) { $topbar.css({ top: $document.scrollTop() + 'px', width: $window.width() - parseInt($topbar.css('padding-left')) - parseInt($topbar.css('padding-right')) + 'px' }); } var header = self.currentSubsection(); var name; if (header) { name = $(header).text(); } else { name = 'Preamble'; } $currentSection.text(name); } function scheduleUpdate() { if (timerId !== undefined) { return; } timerId = setTimeout(function() { timerId = undefined; update(); }, 100); } if (isMobileDevice) { // Mobile devices don't support position fixed. $topbar.css('position', 'absolute'); $floattoc.css('position', 'absolute'); } $currentSection.click(showFloatingToc); $window.scroll(scheduleUpdate); $document.bind('mizuho:updateTopBar', update); }, Mizuho); $(document).ready(Mizuho.initializeTopBar); </script> </body> </html>